Pakistan's need for economic growth focusing on solar energy and Research Paper

Pakistan's need for economic growth focusing on solar energy and working water filtration plants - Research Paper Example Energy is required to operate any institution in the modern world. On the other hand, the management of energy and its efficient use can reduce the demand of energy. Energy efficient devices and appliances save a lot of electrical units. Electrical energy is mostly generated by utilizing the fossil fuel resources. With the passage of time, the fossil fuel resources are becoming short due to the depletion in the fossil fuel reservoirs. As, the supply is becoming short the demand of the fossil fuel resources is rising and thus the value of the fuel resources is increasing. It is a general concept that fossil fuel based generated power is considered the costliest power as compared to hydro power or solar or wind. A research designed to evaluate the water shortage in the world depicts that about 1.3 billion people worldwide suffer from water shortage. People, in the underdeveloped and developing regions of the world, are more likely to catch the diseases that are transferred from contami nated water. Water contamination kills more people in underdeveloped regions than cancer, aids and other such diseases. People are less aware of water filtration and treatment. Small scale water filtration plants can solve the problem and prevent diseased water from entering the human body. Low energy consuming filtration plants based on solar distillation, RO filtration or other water purification methods can be utilized that consume less energy and still maintain the acceptable quality of water. Pakistan shows the similar conditions as other under developed countries due to the lack of the clean drinking water, lack of electrical energy, lack of heath services and lack of economic stability. A deep study depicts that the cost of electrical energy in Pakistan is 13 times the cost of electrical energy in Saudi Arabia. There is a need to develop a small or a large scale power generation units by utilizing the solar energy in Pakistan to bring economic stability. On the other hand, it is equally important o provide people with safe drinking water by utilizing the small scale water filtration plants. Research Questions Can solar energy and small working water filtration plants bring economic stability is Pakistan and how women can play their part in he economic stability of the Country? Body of the Paper The maintenance cost of the fossil fuel based power plant is considerably high. Moreover, a fossil fuel based power plant can be only 40% efficient, as the major part of the fuel converts to waste heat. Besides the environmental perspective, it is also economically less feasible to utilize coal, oil or gas for power generation. On the other hand, in future the fuel will cost more than the current price due to its short supply in the future. The need of the time is to utilize the alternate resources for the generation of energy1. Solar and wind energy have more potential than our current needs. Solar energy can be utilized to generate power directly by utilizing t he solar photovoltaic panels. It can be adopted individually or on a large scale. It is an efficient way to generate energy. Economic Evaluation of Solar energy Solar energy converts solar radiation into electrical energy. Solar energy has two contents; one is light energy and other content is thermal energy. Solar Photovoltaic cells are capable of converting solar light into electrical energy that can be stored in batteries and can be utilized in night. Solar energy can be harnessed for individual as well as industrial demand. Solar PV panels only consume sun radiations to generate energy. Solar light is free of cost and it will remain till the solar system remains2. The

Concepts of Green IT and Green Computing

Concepts of Green IT and Green Computing 1. Introduction Environmental responsibility is emerging as an important topic for corporate IT organizations and their technology suppliers. With increasing market pressure to â€Å"go green† and because of its central role to the enterprise, IT is often given the role of facilitator to bring together all departments with a unified sustainability plan. Senior management may ask IT to launch innovative technologies to facilitate changes in organizational behaviour. The document describes. Green IT, the emerging new trend in the Global IT sector that can help an organization get started in an environmentally responsible manner, both to fulfil their legal and moral obligations, but also to enhance the brand and to improve corporate image. 2. What is Green IT? There are many definitions for Green IT. Some of them listed below. Green computing or Green IT is â€Å"the study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystems—such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications systems—efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment. It includes the dimensions of environmental sustainability, the economics of energy efficiency, and the total cost of ownership, which includes the cost of disposal and recycling.† Another definition for Green IT says, it is the â€Å"optimal use of information and communication technology (ICT) for managing the environmental sustainability of enterprise operations and the supply chain, as well as that of its products, services, and resources, throughout their life cycles.†(The Gartner report, Green IT: The New Industry Shock Wave, by analyst Simon Mingay) â€Å"Green Computing† is defined as the study and practice of using computing resources efficiently through a methodology that combines reducing hazardous materials, maximizing energy efficiency during the products lifetime, and recycling older technologies and defunct products. (San Murugesan, August 2007) In short Green Computing enables companies to meet business demands for cost-effective, energy-efficient, flexible, secure stable solutions while being environmentally responsible. 3. Why Green IT Matters IT systems are not only a large source of emissions that need to be carefully managed, but they are also the most important part of an organisations compliance. IT is the measuring tool and the data repository. ICT typically accounts for more than 20% of the energy used in an office building, with some offices registering up to 70% attributed to ICT. Although energy costs typically comprise less than 10% of an overall IT budget. A recent report states that this could rise to more than 50% over the next few years (Gartner Research). Green IT is about ITs contribution to reducing the whole organisations carbon footprint, and to facilitating mandatory reporting on carbon emissions and the subsequent emissions trading system. Green IT is part of a fundamental change in the economy and society (see Figure 1). It is a subset of the larger green (or sustainable) business trend, which reconciles sustainable business practices with profitable business operations. In the IT industry, both suppliers and buyers are coming to realize that they should incorporate green principles into the design, manufacturing, operation, and disposal of IT assets. The momentum for this change comes from a variety of sources which is listed below: Government mandates Energy efficiency Product and Company differentiation and CSR Companies efforts to improve their IT efficiency and governance have direct green benefits as well. This is just the beginning of a long-term shift in the behaviour of corporate IT organizations and businesses generally. The companies are expected to adopt a combination of â€Å"quick win† activities and longer-term planning that will result in a significantly greener IT industry. 4. What Companies are doing with Green Computing Green Computing is making significant progress in businesses and organizations, according to the More Green Progress in Enterprise IT study from Forrester Research. The report shows that companies are increasingly taking the environmental impact of technology needs into consideration as part of their regular operations. For this report, Forrester surveyed 738 companies, almost three quarters of which employ more than 1,000 people. Over 40% responded that environmental concerns were â€Å"very important† to their companies; 45% of those companies are either implementing or creating a green-IT strategy to guide future purchasing or end-of-life technology product considerations. The survey also found that half of the companies already incorporate environmental criteria into purchasing decisions and almost 80% recycle hardware at end-of-life, either through OEMs or third parties. Globally, the top three reasons listed for making greener IT choices include reducing energy-related expenses; doing â€Å"the right thing† for the environment; and bringing IT in-line with larger corporate initiatives. IBM has been singled out by leading technology media for its emphasis on energy-efficient technology and services internally and for clients. IDGs Computerworld, the leading source of technology information worldwide, has named IBM the top Green IT Company for 2008. A Computerworld executive noted that â€Å"IBM†¦has taken a serious look at how they impact the environment and how they can address those challenges with good business sense, through their Project Big Green initiative and a company-wide focus on energy-efficient technology services.† (Segan, Sascha (2007)) 5. IBM Project Big Green IBM is among the first of the Corporate IT giants which looked at going green. In order to be a leader in this IBM came up with an Initiative in May 2007. Project Big Green is IBMs billion-dollar initiative to dramatically reduce energy use by IBM and its customers. The initiative includes new energy-efficient IBM products and services, and a five-step approach to energy efficiency in the data centre. If the approach is followed, IBM believes it can sharply reduce data centre energy consumption, transform technology infrastructure into green operations and provide up to 42% in energy savings for the average data centre. The initiative also includes a new global â€Å"green team† of more than 850 energy efficiency architects throughout IBM. IBM expects to double the computing capacity of its own data centres over the next three years, without increasing power consumption or its carbon footprint. Based on greenhouse gas production, the size of a carbon footprint is determined by the amount of carbon dioxide that comes from human activities. Compared to building new space to double the size of its own data centres, IBM expects to help save more than five billion kilowatt hours of energy per year. As a result of these initiatives, IBM was named the â€Å"Top Green IT Company for 2008† by IDGs Computerworld. (Jon Brodkin, 2009) IBM combined with Mainline developed a range of Products and Processes that combine Information Technology, energy efficiency and environmental responsibility, as well as address the following challenges in a company: Continued rise of overall energy costs and demand Cost of air conditioning to cool data centres and/or computer rooms Concern over power surges and energy shortages affecting business Government-imposed levies on carbon production and regulations on power consumption and waste Increased drive toward centralized data centres Too many servers that are partially used or not used to capacity Need for an environmentally safe way to dispose of old software or hardware IBM and Mainliners energy-efficient IT solutions deliver an immediate and tangible return on investment for its customers by proven technologies and practices. (Jon Brodkin, 2009) 6. Benefits of Green IT Green IT solutions benefit the environment, as well as the bottom-line. By focusing on Green Computing, an IT organization can: Lower overall energy expenses including general energy consumption, as well as power and cooling costs. Optimize server capacities and performance. Reduce data centre footprint, reclaiming valuable floor space through consolidation and/or virtualization. Provide required, rapid and secure access to data. Increase ease of systems and solutions management. Recycle end-of-life equipment. Recapture resiliency. Free-up budget components In short, Green Computing enables companies to meet business demands for cost-effective, energy-efficient, flexible, secure and stable solutions while being environmentally responsible (Jon Brodkin, 2009) 7. Five Steps to a Successful Green Computing Solution Green Computing involves a range of services and technologies based on best practices for reducing energy usage. As noted above, IBM recommends a comprehensive five-step plan in developing energy-efficient, cost-effective, environmentally responsible information technology operations. Analyses of the five steps follow. Diagnose It is difficult to manage what cannot be measured, particularly when it comes to energy efficiency. It is important for a company to collect accurate, detailed information on its energy efficiency as a first step in pinpointing areas for potential improvement and to identify existing systems ready for retirement. Mainline and IBM provides Energy Efficiency Assessments, which are proven tools for diagnosing the energy demands of physical infrastructure and IT equipment. Build After identifying needs and solution requirements, and reviewing Energy Efficiency Assessments, the second step includes planning and designing the new solution including building or preparing facilities for replacements, migrations or upgrades. Implementing best practices, innovative technologies and solution expertise will result in improved operations while reducing costs. Virtualize Virtualization can produce the fastest and greatest impact on energy efficiency in an information technology centre. Consolidating an IT infrastructure can increase utilization and lower annual power costs. Reducing the number of servers and storage devices through virtualization strategies can create a leaner data centre without sacrificing performance. Less complexity, reduced cost, better utilization and improved management are all benefits of server, storage and desktop virtualization, and helps achieve Green Computing. Manage Data centre energy consumption is managed through provisioning and virtualization management software, providing important power alerts, as well as trending, capping and heat measurements. Such software can reduce power consumption by 80% annually. Cool Excessive heat threatens equipment performance and operating stability. Innovative IBM cooling solutions for inside and outside the data centre minimize hotspots and reduce energy consumption. IBMs patented Rear Door Heat exchanger cooling doors are now available across most IBM Systems offerings. While requiring no additional fans or electricity, they reduce server heat output in data centres up to 60% by utilizing chilled water to dissipate heat generated by computer systems. 8. Conclusion Most IT Corporate, with little knowledge of how IT can help them measure and maintain their Carbon Reporting requirements are under prepared in the competition to go green. There are over 50 carbon reporting tools available but fewer than 10% of organisations are using one. One half of all CIOs and IT managers take the environmental credentials of the vendor into account when buying products. One third of all user organisations have appointed someone in charge of Green IT, and another one third will do so this year (Excom 2008). These are main reasons why Green IT has to be on top of the list in the companys annual budget. Corporations, governments, and individuals alike can slash greenhouse emissions 50% from projected levels in 2030 by using technologies that already exist—as well as those in the pipeline.(Mckinsey Report, Green IT: Corporate Strategies). The report also says 40% of the recommended practices would save companies and organizations money too. In other words, going green can mean dollars saved—clearly a motivating factor for the tech companies already pushing for more earth-saving IT policies, not to mention for those corporations outside the realm of tech that look at such reports to gauge how policies are evolving—and how to emulate them. 9. References San Murugesan,Going Green with IT: Your Responsibility Toward Environmental Sustainability. Cutter Consortium Business-IT Strategies Executive Report, Vol. 10, No. 8, August 2007. Jon Brodkin, 2009 â€Å"IBM claims top four greenest supercomputers and 18 of top 19† Network World. http://www.greenit.net/whygreenit.html retrieved on 3/09/2009 Gardiner, Bryan January-February 2008 â€Å"Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices,† IEEEIT Professional, pp 24-33. Segan, Sascha (2007-10-02). Green Tech: Reduce, Reuse, Thats It.PC Magazine 26(19): 56. Retrieved 2009-09-03. November 26, 2007, ‘Topic Overview: Green IT by Christopher Mines and Euan Davis for IT Infrastructure Operations Professionals.

god v satan :: essays research papers

The bible is one of the most will known books in the world (manly because there are a lot of cristons that fell it is necessary to tell as many people as possible). The bible has been translated and printed then and re-translated and re-printed for centuries {from [original langue]}. The bible was all so written about 40 years after the events that it describes. The ferst part of the bible was written by â€Å"James, half brother of Jesus† (http://www.carm.org/bible/biblewhen.htm) wrote it in the â€Å"40's or 50's† (http://www.carm.org/bible/biblewhen.htm) or Galatians written by Paul in the year 49. With all this it is very likely that something got mixed up in the translation. The bible has mixed signs and inconsistent that proves Satan was the god that was referd to in the bible. Satan set about to deceive everyone and lure them in to sin buy offering false redemptions. We all know god created the world in 7 days so we can use this as a gage for God’s design skills. The world is fare from being perfect, and really it has been badly designed. The land mass is bunched together in the northern hemisphere leaving some smaller ilandes but manly water in the southern hemisphere. The magnetic feled of the earth is constantly moving the weather is all messed up. Still leaving some areas on the world heavily populated and others almost desert. Thins is obviously the result of poor planning and for an all-powerful god this is just negugins. Dose this mean God is a bad designer? No because refuses to show himself because that would take away the faith part of the Christianity faith. If you look at the stories in the bible like the story of Jesus (what most the bible is about) the cross he dies on is a great symbol just look at it, it have strong vertical and horizontal lines. These types of lines are carming, sturdy, reliable and if made big can be towering and thretning but because they cross in the middle it is also unsettling as your eyes follow the lines they relaxes and then the center that you came to focus on startles you. The cross is a will designed symbol. The Ten Commandments is another example of great designed. Ten the basus of the decimal system is a mentally satisfying number. If you look at the Ten Commandments you can see they are not all needed like â€Å"Thou shalt not steal† and â€Å"Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor.

Apple Inc. and Mary Kay Cosmetics

P29 Q1 1. The marketing channel for Mary Kay cosmetics is called a direct selling channel. The company user a sales force of over 1000000 Independent Beauty Consultants around the world. These consultants are not employees of Mary Kay Corporation; they buy cosmetics from the company at a wholesale price and sell to end-users at a retail price. They maintain personal relationships with their end-user consumers and deliver product to them after it is ordered; it is a high-service purchasing relationship from the consumer’s point of view. Consultants thus act as both distributors and retailers. a. To what extent does an Independent Beauty Consultant participate in the eight universal marketing flows? b. How might these flows be shifted, either among the members now in the channel or to different agencies or institutions not presently included? What do you think would be the implications of such shifts? (think about how cosmetics are sold through department stores or through drugstore chains, for example. ) c. Within each of these distribution systems, specify the consumer’s role from a flow-absorption perspective. Contrast this with the consumer’s role when buying cosmetics from a department store or a drugstore chain. P64 Q1,2,3 2. For each of the three scenarios below, categorize the demand for bulk-breaking spatial convenience, waiting/ delivery time, and assortment/ variety as high, medium, or low. In each case, explain your answers. a. A woman in an emerging-market country of Southeast Asia wishes to buy some cosmetics for herself. She has never done so before and is not entirely sure of the occasions on which she will wear the cosmetics. She does not live near a big city. She is too poor to own a car but has a bit of extra money for a small luxury. b. A manufacturer uses a particular industrial chemical in one of its large-scale production processes and needs to buy more of the chemical. The rest of the raw materials for its plant operations are delivered in a just-in-time fashion. c. Before you visit certain parts of the world, you are required to get a yellow fever vaccine. Many travelers let this slip until the last minute, forgetting that it is advisable (or avoiding an unpleasant shot as long as possible). But they definitely realize they need the shot, and they do not want to have to cancel their trip at the last minute because they did not get it. They often find themselves making a long trip to a reginal medical center because trhey did not plan ahead. 3. For the three scenarios in Question 1, describe a marketing channel that would meet the target end-user’s demands for service outputs. 4. Describe three different buying situations with which you are familiar and the SODs of the buyers in each one. Do you think the SODs being supplied are close to those being demanded? Why or why not? P. 103 Q4 5. Explain how the shopping characteristics for the following consumer and industrial goods affect the channels for them: CONSUMER GOODS INDUSTRIAL GOODS Bread Laser printer toner cartridges Breakfast cereal Uranium for nuclear power plants Women’s hosiery Cement Refrigerators Medical machinery(e. g. , ultrasound machines) P. 150 Q5 6. Apple, as a computer company, has struggles over the years with the assortment problem. Company-owned Apple stores offered only Apple computers. Although management liked having control of the assortment, customers wanted side-by-side comparisons with other brands, eventually driving Apple to close many of its own stores. Apple also has had difficulty influencing how independent computer outlets stock and display its products. Apple is now using the success of its music downloading systems (iPod and variations) to compose larger assortments-and is reopening company-owned stores. Is this a good idea? What, if anything, would you recommend to Apple as an alternative strategy to improve its products’ coverage and sales? P192(4) 7. A manufacturer is in the habit of offering liberal payment terms to distributors: They can pay anytime within 45days of receipt of the merchandise. The manufacturer currently has a band line of credit to cover accounts receivable and pays an interest rate (prime+1%) on the balance on loan from the bank. One of the manufacturer’s key distributors offers to pay for shipments by immediate bank funds transfer upon receipt of merchandise if the manufacturer will reduce the price by 1%. Does this offer close a gap? If so, what sort (demand side, supply side, what flow)? P238 Q6 8. You are the owner/manager of an auto dealership in Germany selling the Audi line. Your dealership is exclusive to Audi; you have invested heavily to build the dealership; and your contract is such that, if you decide to sell your dealership, Audi has the right to approve or disapprove any buyer you might find. What is the balance of power in your relationship? What sort of working relationship are you likely to have with your supplier? What could your supplier do to ensure you do not become alienated?

Compare and Contrast Between Odipius the King and Doubt a Parable

Comparison Contrast between â€Å"Oedipus the King† and â€Å"Doubt: A parable† â€Å"Oedipus the King† and â€Å"Doubt a Parable† are two very well-known plays that have made themselves very popular throughout the world. These plays have touched the hearts of many and have brought out the inner most opinions and discussions of thousands of individuals. These two plays have been acted out many times since the time they were first released. Although these plays are both very popular and loved by many, they both have their similarities and differences.First and foremost the differences between â€Å"Oedipus the King† and â€Å"Doubt: A Parable† are very easily noticed. For example, â€Å"Oedipus the King’s† setting takes place outside of a palace, while on the other hand â€Å"Doubt: A parable’s’ setting is much more religious and takes place at a church, a school located in the Bronx of Manhattan. Another differenc e between the two plays is that â€Å"Doubt: A parable† was developed in modern theatre, while â€Å"Oedipus the King† was originated in the ancient Greek theatre. This Greek theatre was part of a religious ancient festival celebration.To attend a performance of one of these plays was an act of worship. It wasn’t intended for self-entertainment or as a hobby to pass time. Another way that this Greek theatre was different is that every citizen would attend these plays. Also, â€Å"Doubt: A Parable† was developed in 2004 while â€Å"Oedipus the King† was believed to first be developed in the year 430 B. C. Another example of a difference between â€Å"Oedipus the King† and â€Å"Doubt: A Parable† is that the plots of the two plays are totally different. For example, the plot for â€Å"Oedipus the King† is that a plague has stricken Thebes.All of the citizens of Thebes gather outside the palace of Oedipus, wanting him to take care of this horrid problem. In response, the King responds by sending Creon to the oracle at Delphi to learn of how he can help the city. When he returns, he tells Oedipus that the plague will end when the murderer of Laius is caught and exiled from the city. Oedipus then promises to solve all of this hysteria, vowing to drive the murderer out of the city. The irony is that Oedipus will eventually learn that he is actually the murderer and will soon be punished.The plot for â€Å"Doubt: A parable is that it opens with a sermon by Father Flynn, a very respectable priest, addressing the importance of doubt. The school’s principle, Sister Aloysius insists upon constant vigilance. During a meeting with a younger nun, Sister Aloysius learns that Father Flynn has been messing around with one of the altar boys. After this, Aloysius and father Flynn are into direct conflict. After this accusation has been made, Father Flynn threatens to remove Aloysius from her position, but Aloysius h as found a lot of dirt on Father Flynn and so he is finally forced to transfer somewhere else.There are also many other differences between these two famous plays. For example, in the movie version of â€Å"Doubt: A Parable, it actually takes the form of how modern day American movies are made, while â€Å"Oedipus the King† still takes the form of a play on film. Another difference between these two plays is that â€Å"Oedipus the King† deals with a more royal background, while â€Å"Doubt: A Parable† is a more strict, quiet and religious background. Also, â€Å"Oedipus the King† was not necessarily invented by Sophocles.In fact the plays most important affects often depend on the aspect that the audience already knows everything about the story. In contrast, â€Å"Doubt: A Parable† follows a more traditional type of story in which the audience learns as the plot of the story takes place. For example, in â€Å"Oedipus the King,† the audienc e must know what was already going on to understand the play. The words the actors would speak should normally do this, but some things must be seen in order to fully understand what is going on in the play.There were many times during this play when the hypocrites wouldn’t say anything at all, and it was completely up to their actions to tell the audience everything they needed to know. On the contrary, in â€Å"Doubt: A parable† the audience had to completely rely on the actors choice of words rather than the actions of the actors to fully understand what was going on in the play. Another major difference between these two plays would be the different stage directions.For instance, Oedipus the King originating from the ancient Greek theatre, so the way the actors would come onto stage was totally different from that of â€Å"Doubt: A Parable. † For example, in â€Å"Oedipus the King,† the way the actors would enter the stage would often help tell the au dience about what was going on in the play. An example of this is that in most Greek theatres were one or three entrances. There were normally two parodos, or entrances. If the actors came in from the parados, then they had just come from a city or port.If they came in from the left parody, then the actors just came from the fields or a mountainous area. â€Å"Doubt: A parody is different from this in that it uses modern theatre techniques. In modern theatre, entrances are just entrances. Also, â€Å"Doubt: A Parable† only lasted approximately 90 minutes, while â€Å"Oedipus the King† lasts much longer than this. Another big difference between these two plays is that â€Å"Doubt A Parable† has been nominated and awarded many awards since its first opening in 2004, while â€Å"Oedipus the King† has not.The awards for â€Å"Doubt: A Parable include: Drama Desk Award for best new play, Drama Desk Award best actor in a play, Drama Desk Award outstanding act ress in a play, Drama Desk Award outstanding featured actress in a play, Drama Desk Award outstanding director of a play, Lucille Lortell Award for outstanding play, New York Drama Critics Circle best play, Pulitzer Prize for drama, Tony Award for best featured actress in a play, Tony Award best direction of a play, and World Theatre. All of these awards were awarded to â€Å"Doubt: A Parable in 2005.Also in 2005 it had many nominations as well, such as Tony Award Best Actor in a play, Tony Award best featured actress in a play, Tony Award best scenic design of a play, and Tony Award best lighting of a play. Although â€Å"Doubt: A Parable† and â€Å"Oedipus the King† had many differences, they also shared many similarities as well. One example of a similarity is that both plays are tragedies. They both are literary works in which the main characters are brought to ruins or suffers extreme sorrows, especially as a consequence of a tragic flaw, moral weakness, or inabi lity to cope with unfavorable circumstances.Another similarity between these two popular plays is that they were both performed in one act. The cast of both plays agreed that the second act took place when the audience left the theatre and began to discuss their differing opinions of the events that have taken place. Both of these plays have been experienced by many and so there are tons of differing points that the audiences will argue about. Another similarity between these two plays is that â€Å"Doubt A Parable† and â€Å"Oedipus the King† are both very popular and well-known plays in not only the United States, but all around the world.Both of these plays have premiered all around the world and have become a very important part of setting the tone for all of the future plays to come. Another similarity between the two plays id that both of them deal with a priest and altar boys, although the priest and altar boys in â€Å"Doubt: A Parable† are more of the t raditional type that most modern day people are used to seeing in today’s world. These two plays are also similar in that they are both set in fictional places, and deal with fictional characters.An example of this is that ‘Doubt: A Parable† is set in the fictional St. Nicholas Church school located in the Bronx of Manhattan. â€Å"Oedipus the King† the king is fictional in in its characters that it uses. For instance, the sphinx which is the character that will not free the city of Thebes of the horrid plague unless her riddle is answered is a fictional character. Another similarity that both of these plays share is that the directors of both plays are very well-known for many of their other works in the arts.For example, Sophocles is well-known for many other for many of his other plays in ancient Athens, while Shanley is a much respected director for his newer modern day films. Also, there have been many versions of both of these plays come out since the y were first acted out on stage. Another example of a similarity is that both of these two plays are written in the present tense, and they both have an antagonist in the story that help contribute to the tragic end of each of the two playwrights.Though they have their differences and similarities, both of these plays are wonderful playwrights and will only get more popular as the time passes. These plays will continue to grow and will be acted out still for more generations to come. These plays will continue to greatly entertain their audiences and put on a wonderful show. ? Works Cited Shanley, John P. â€Å"Doubt: A Parable. † Literature to Go. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martins. 2011. 871-904. Sophocles. â€Å"Oedipus the King. † Literature to Go. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martins, 2011. 639-685.

How to Write Business Papers in College

How to Write Business Papers in College Writing business papers in college can be a daunting assignment especially when it comes to choosing a research paper topic. It is stressful if you have a lot of good ideas making it difficult to choose one. Lengthy business papers for college require students to be comfortable with research on the chosen paper topic. College business papers have to be based on academic ground, the course that you are pursuing and the methods you are advised to use. A wide research paper topic will surely make you lose track of writing directions easily. It is better to choose a more specific topic and, preferably, with the help of your tutor. Narrowing down the topic will help you perform a more structured and deep research. Writing a business paper requires you to introduce new concepts, analyze existing research work and discuss the current practices as per the chosen topic. Having new perspectives requires one to be thoroughly exposed on the contemporary issues that affect the business world. Business goes hand in hand with politics and policies. Attributes such as international agreements and lawsuits add weight on the concepts already discussed. While writing a business paper, it is important to narrow down the subjects into a manageable theme that consist of three to four points. You have to perform research concerning these points and discuss your findings with the readers in you business paper. While writing business papers, it is important to let the audience recognize the main purpose why the paper was developed. Business papers convey useful information not only to the examiner but also to the general public. Use of heavy business jargon should be avoided since business papers are intended for broad readership. Even though it is difficult to locate authoritative sources in business, students who use peer reviewed articles and journals have in-depth analysis of thesis statements. College papers are intended for research hence students must present their competencies in doing business papers. You should not rely on the Internet solely, do not avoid the library since some authoritative business journals can be found there. Referencing and citing college business papers is an important aspect that students are expected to practice whenever they develop their academic papers. If all this seems too complex for you, you can always contact our writing service and order a sample paper, that will help you see all the peculiarities of business paper writing (or any kind of academic writing, for that matter). It is very simple to ask for help, just fill in the order form and pay for the paper. We will assign a competent writer to your order, who will deliver high quality work.

Get a Look at Some Giant Mammals of the Cenozoic Era

Get a Look at Some Giant Mammals of the Cenozoic Era The word megafauna means giant animals. Though dinosaurs of the Mesozoic Era were nothing if not megafauna, this word is more often applied to the giant mammals (and, to a lesser extent, the giant birds, and lizards) that lived anywhere from 40 million to 2,000 years ago. More to the point, giant prehistoric animals that can claim more modestly sized descendants- such as the giant beaver and the giant ground sloth- are more likely to be placed under the megafauna umbrella than unclassifiable, plus-sized beasts like Chalicotherium or Moropus. Its also important to remember that mammals didnt succeed the dinosaurs- they lived right alongside the tyrannosaurs, sauropods, and hadrosaurs of the Mesozoic Era, albeit in tiny packages (most Mesozoic mammals were about the size of mice, but a few were comparable to giant house cats). It wasnt until about 10 or 15 million years after the dinosaurs went extinct that these mammals started evolving into giant sizes, a process that continued (with intermittent extinctions, false starts, and dead ends) well into the last Ice Age. The Giant Mammals of the Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene Epochs The Eocene epoch, from 56 to 34 million years ago, witnessed the first plus-sized herbivorous mammals. The success of Coryphodon, a half-ton plant-eater with a tiny, dinosaur-sized brain, can be inferred by its wide distribution across early Eocene North America and Eurasia. But the megafauna of the Eocene epoch really hit its stride with the larger Uintatherium and Arsinoitherium, the first of a series of -therium (Greek for beast) mammals that vaguely resembled crosses between rhinoceroses and hippopotamuses. The Eocene also gestated the first prehistoric horses, whales, and elephants. Wherever you find large, slow-witted plant-eaters, youll also find the carnivores that help keep their population in check. In the Eocene, this role was filled by the large, vaguely canine creatures called mesonychids (Greek for middle claw). The wolf-sized Mesonyx and Hyaenodon are often considered ancestral to dogs (even though it occupied a different branch of mammalian evolution), but the king of the mesonychids was the gigantic Andrewsarchus, at 13 feet long and weighing one ton, the largest terrestrial carnivorous mammal that ever lived. Andrewsarchus was rivaled in size only by Sarkastodon- yes, thats its real name- and the much later Megistotherium. The basic pattern established during the Eocene epoch- large, dumb, herbivorous mammals preyed on by smaller but brainier carnivores- persisted into the Oligocene and Miocene, 33 to 5 million years ago. The cast of characters was a bit stranger, featuring such brontotheres (thunder beasts) as the gigantic, hippo-like Brontotherium and Embolotherium, as well as difficult-to-classify monsters like Indricotherium, which looked (and probably behaved) like a cross between a horse, a gorilla, and a rhinoceros. The largest non-dinosaur land animal that ever lived, Indricotherium (also known as Paraceratherium) weighed between 15 to 33 tons, making adults pretty much immune to predation by contemporary saber-toothed cats. The Megafauna of the Pliocene and Pleistocene Epochs Giant mammals like Indricotherium and Uintatherium havent resonated with the public as much as the more familiar megafauna of the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs. This is where we encounter fascinating beasts like Castoroides (giant beaver) and Coelodonta (woolly rhino), not to mention mammoths, mastodons, the giant cattle ancestor known as the auroch, the giant deer Megaloceros, the cave bear, and the biggest saber-toothed cat of them all, Smilodon. Why did these animals grow to such comical sizes? Perhaps a better question to ask is why their descendants are so tiny- after all, svelte beavers, sloths, and cats are a relatively recent development. It may have something to do with the prehistoric climate or a strange equilibrium that prevailed between predators and prey. No discussion of prehistoric megafauna would be complete without a digression about South America and Australia, island continents that incubated their own strange array of huge mammals (until about three million years ago, South America was completely cut off from North America). South America was the home of the three-ton Megatherium (giant ground sloth), as well as such bizarre beasts as Glyptodon (a prehistoric armadillo the size of a Volkswagen Bug) and Macrauchenia, which can best be described as a horse crossed with a camel crossed with an elephant. Australia, millions of years ago as today, had the strangest assortment of giant wildlife on the planet, including Diprotodon (giant wombat), Procoptodon (giant short-faced kangaroo) and Thylacoleo (marsupial lion), as well as nonmammalian megafauna like Bullockornis (better known as the demon-duck of doom), the giant turtle Meiolania, and the giant monitor lizard Megalania (the largest land-dwelling reptile since the extinction of the dinosaurs). The Extinction of the Giant Mammals Although elephants, rhinoceroses, and assorted large mammals are still with us today, most of the worlds megafauna died off anywhere from 50,000 to 2,000 years ago, an extended demise known as the Quaternary extinction event. Scientists point to two main culprits: first, the global plunge in temperatures caused by the last Ice Age, in which many large animals starved to death (herbivores from lack of their usual plants, carnivores from lack of herbivores), and second, the rise of the most dangerous mammals of them all- humans. Its still unclear to what extent the woolly mammoths, giant sloths, and other mammals of the late Pleistocene epoch succumbed to hunting by early humans- this is easier to picture in isolated environments like Australia than across the whole extent of Eurasia. Some experts have been accused of overstating the effects of human hunting, while others (perhaps with a view to endangered animals today) have been charged with undercounting the number of mastodons the average Stone Age tribe could bludgeon to death. Pending further evidence, we may never know for sure.

Term Papers Medieval Knights

Term Papers Medieval Knights Term Papers Medieval Knights Term Papers Medieval Knights Writing a term paper about medieval knights is an interesting assignment. It is hardly possible to find a male student who has not been fascinated with the knights in the childhood! Down this page is a short term paper sample on knighthood. If you need more sample term papers, please check our free blog. employs a team of professional writers who are available to help you with term paper writing if you are looking for the custom term paper assistance. Our prices are affordable, our writers are educated, and our guarantees are outstanding! Term Paper Sample on Medieval Knights Knighthood was one of the most significant institutions of the Middle Ages. In the twelfth century, John of Salisbury declared emphatically that knighthood was divinely instituted; Caxton later maintained that knighthood was the earliest device of God to ensure the recovery of mankind from the consequences of the Fall. Ideally, knighthood became a way of life with formal traditions, a definite education, and a world view of its own. The Bible itself was regarded as a source of knightly virtue. Stories, like those of Abraham, of Jonas and the Whale, of Daniel and the Lion, were popular because they appealed to the romantic imagination of the aristocracy. Just as the monks made a recluse out of Joseph, so did the knights fashion Joshua into a chevalier. Mary with her unblemished virtues and her merciful ways was appealed to for protection. One might pray also to the saints, particularly to St. Michael, the personal antagonist of Satan, to St. James, St. George, and St. Martin, who had been selected as heavenly paragons of aristocratic virtues. Chivalric education consequently was imbued with a religious tincture. From baptism to death in battle, the knight came in contact with religious ideals, not for the purpose of acquiring scholastic education, but to ensure religion's protection against evil powers. Early education of medieval knights began in the home. His mother, or the local priest, taught the young boy simple prayers as well as obedience to his elders. When the boy was seven years old, he usually was sent to the castle of a secular lord or to the palace of a prominent churchman. This second stage in education, though it varied from country to country and depended upon individual choice, seemed to have been quite common. As a page the boy shared duties with other members of the household. His task consisted of attending the lord and his lady; from the latter he was able to learn the rudiments of etiquette and receive instruction in knightly behavior. Sometimes he even procured some elementary lessons in the Seven Liberal Arts, but this part of his education was generally overlooked. Most of the time there were wandering singers from whom the page might learn how to sing and play the harp. A more prominent part of his training consisted of outdoor activities such as boxing, wr estling, and horseback riding.

Co-evolved relationship between two organisms Essay - 1

Co-evolved relationship between two organisms - Essay Example Mycorrhizal association are due to a relative diffusion process of co-evolutionary. While the initial mycorrhizal symbioses events may have included reciprocal changes in the genetic composition of free-living fungi and ancestral plants, the existing evidence indicate that the current parallel partners evolution as they respond to the changes in the environment. Co-evolved relationships involve a vast number of relationships between animals and plants and in some cases between plants with other plants. Among the many co-evolved situations, there is commensalisms where different species coevolved so as to intimately live with each other without any harm on the participants and symbioses where the coevolving species live together literally (Cairney and Burke 63). Such relationships which are intertwined may assume a mutualism form where no partner involved is harm and they both benefit from each other or only one benefits. An example of such relationships includes algae and fungi in lichens, roots and fungi in mycorrhizae and acacia trees and ants in symbiotic mutualism where the ant protects the acacias from herbivores (Cairney and Burke 64). In parasitism relationship, one of the partners stands out to benefit at the others expense. A good example of such relationship is between the oak tree and mistletoe parasite. The interaction of organisms encompasses the entire ecosystem and it influences the communities and natural population’s structure. For example, more than ninety percent of the terrestrial plants exist naturally through mutualistic symbiosis together with soil fungi, to form what is referred to as mycorrhizal association (Read 380). Such symbioses have proved to be fundamental to most plant’s biology in the environment as they enhance the ecological fitness and nutrition of individual plants while at the same time shaping the dynamics and structure of plant communities and

How new perspective on leadership relates to the various types Essay

How new perspective on leadership relates to the various types - Essay Example Another concept that Nonaka and Takeuchi discussed in the interview is the concept of â€Å"phronesis† or practical wisdom. Phronesis is â€Å"the habit of making the right decisions and taking the right actions in context, and relentless pursuit of excellence for the common good† (Nonaka & Takeuchi, Wise Leadership, 2011). They went on further to say that phronesis can be cultivated through very close human interactions. This new perspective on leadership is very much related to the previous concepts of leadership. The other articles on leadership in the textbook also supported the idea of Nonaka and Takeuchi about being an ethical leader. The articles on the textbook also emphasized that leaders must have a passion to do right. This too was advocated by Nonaka and Takeuchi when they mentioned the importance of having a moral purpose and doing what is good for society. The six abilities of a wise leader which were enumerated in Nonaka’s and Takeuchi’s art icle are supportive and intertwined with the â€Å"Seven Habits of Ethical Leaders† taken up in the textbook readings. The first ability of a wise leader is that he can judge goodness. Likewise, an ethical leader has a passion to do right and realize the importance of ethics in the decision-making process.

Improving Leadership Skills and Academic Performance Assignment

Improving Leadership Skills and Academic Performance - Assignment Example Whilst I have always been extroverted in social and professional situations, prior to this study program, my over-confidence in my capabilities and knowledge complicated being a solid team member when working in groups. For instance, I had previously desired to work independently in most situations, both academic and professional, with minor levels of resentment and animosity when forced to work in team environments. It was not an inherent part of my personality in which I believed that team members were not capable, only that trust in my own talents and ability to organize made it difficult for me to build group inter-dependency and rely on others achieving team goals. Hence, I have come to learn that an effective leader is one that gives others opportunities to excel and make positive contributions to a group. Stover (2004) discusses the concept of tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge, in which individuals that maintain a specialized set of talents (tacit knowledge) must convert this knowledge to teach others. Interaction with others, according to Stover, is absolutely necessary for effective knowledge conversion to be achieved. However, as aforementioned, my personal resistance to participative teamwork challenged gaining followership from others as an effective leader. My current study program has given me ample opportunities to work with others and I have made a very competent effort at reducing the internal conflicts that arise when forced to work in groups where all members have a distinct task. Some of these attitudes and resistance to teamwork ideology is likely a product of my cultural background in the Middle East. In my home country, it is common that professional members of an organization, in politics and even general society to maintain high power distance, defined by Hofstede (2001) as a type of inequality where hierarchies are dominant business, social and political structures.

Software engineering Module assessment 2 Assignment

Software engineering Module assessment 2 - Assignment Example SCRUM views the systems development process as a collection of actions that integrate known workable mechanisms and procedures with the best development team to develop systems. Since these actions are loose, controls to handle the process and underlying risks are used. SCRUM is a typical upgrade of the commonly utilised incremental object-oriented development cycle. Although waterfall methodology makes it compulsory the use of undefined processes, it has a huge drawback. Its linear nature gives it this large drawback. The process does not provide way of responding to unanticipated output from any of the transitional stages. This method is analogous to the peeling of onion layers that corresponds to users deciding whether to send prototype back to preceding phases or termination of the development process. Spiral methodology stages and stage processes are linear. Requirement analysis and design activities are conducted in requirements phase and design phase respectively with each of the stages comprising of linear, precisely and clearly communicated defined processes This is an improvement on the Spiral method. Each of the iteration comprises of all phases in standard Waterfall model. Each of these iterations covers a single set of parsed functionality. The overall project deliverable expected is subdivided into designated subsystems, each with clean interfaces. This method allows one to test the feasibility of a subsystem and its technology in the inceptive iterations. Later iterations improve the the project while increasing the speed of delivery. This method increases flexibility, has a better cost control and checks delivery of systems. Nevertheless, the Iterative method is also linear as underlying development processes are still defined and linear. Each of the development technologies improve on another with no significant change. Both the Spiral and Iterative methods implement a risk control techniques

GATT Priciples in International Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

GATT Priciples in International Economics - Essay Example The General Agreement on Trade and Tariff (GATT) is a voluntary agreement to give tariff concessions and reduce restriction on imports among 135 countries of the world (Blirtit). The agreement was formulated within the jurisdiction and framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO). There are four basic principles covered by GATT. These are: (1) discrimination is prohibited in trade relations, (2) Tariffs instead of trade barriers should be utilized by countries to protect themselves from foreign competition, (3) all member nation must promote the trading interest of each country, (4) negotiations between concerting terms of trade must follow the GATT framework (Blirtit). These principles have a positive influence in international trade. Discriminatory practices against a particular country hurt the balance of trade among nations. For example if the US discriminated against Argentina’s agricultural products it would hurt the internal economy of this nation which subsequently affects the purchasing power of Argentina and the amount of trade activity with other nations. An example of a discriminatory trade practice that can hurt a local economy of a GATT member nation is dumping. Dumping occurs when one country exports a significant amount of goods to another country at prices much lower than the domestic marketplace (Anwers, 2009). The anti-discriminatory clauses with the GATT principles provide a safeguard that protects the integrity of trade relations in the international economy. Tariffs are am instruments which creates a tax imposition on imports that raise the price and can be used to manipulate the demand specific goods and service imports. The good thing about this economic tool is that it provides consistency as far as creating a simple mechanism that can be utilized by any country to protect local industries. The GATT principles stipulate that tariffs should be the universal

HR Planning and Recruitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HR Planning and Recruitment - Essay Example This essay focuses on the Human Resource planning and recruitment, that is one of the crucial requirements of the organizations. The main reasons for ensuring effective management of the company’s personnel is that it ensures that there is adequate number of staff members. KFC is the best example among all the fast food restaurant chains as it has allocated sufficient amount of resources in its personnel. Every aspect of HR is adequately planned out so that the operations of the company are not impacted at all. Even the recruitment of employees is done in accordance to the international standards so that the right people are hired at all positions. In order to sustain the edge within the industry, it is vital for KFC to keep track of the changes taking place in the employment market. It has employed right resources for management of this crucial aspect of the organization and has successfully created a highly, efficient, proactive, sincere and loyal team of employees. Each of the personnel is committed to enhancing the organization’s image in the fast food industry. Hence, KFC has developed an effective HR department for managing its international operations successfully. The success of the company lies in its policy of developing an efficient, loyal and committed workforce by allocating adequate resources in its recruitment and selection process. Even the policies are developed in accordance to the latest market trends so that the gap between the demand and supply of personnel is appropriately planned out.

GATT Priciples in International Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

GATT Priciples in International Economics - Essay Example The General Agreement on Trade and Tariff (GATT) is a voluntary agreement to give tariff concessions and reduce restriction on imports among 135 countries of the world (Blirtit). The agreement was formulated within the jurisdiction and framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO). There are four basic principles covered by GATT. These are: (1) discrimination is prohibited in trade relations, (2) Tariffs instead of trade barriers should be utilized by countries to protect themselves from foreign competition, (3) all member nation must promote the trading interest of each country, (4) negotiations between concerting terms of trade must follow the GATT framework (Blirtit). These principles have a positive influence in international trade. Discriminatory practices against a particular country hurt the balance of trade among nations. For example if the US discriminated against Argentina’s agricultural products it would hurt the internal economy of this nation which subsequently affects the purchasing power of Argentina and the amount of trade activity with other nations. An example of a discriminatory trade practice that can hurt a local economy of a GATT member nation is dumping. Dumping occurs when one country exports a significant amount of goods to another country at prices much lower than the domestic marketplace (Anwers, 2009). The anti-discriminatory clauses with the GATT principles provide a safeguard that protects the integrity of trade relations in the international economy. Tariffs are am instruments which creates a tax imposition on imports that raise the price and can be used to manipulate the demand specific goods and service imports. The good thing about this economic tool is that it provides consistency as far as creating a simple mechanism that can be utilized by any country to protect local industries. The GATT principles stipulate that tariffs should be the universal

Local Lawsuit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Local Lawsuit - Essay Example And secondly the cup in which the coffee was served did not indicate â€Å"caution†. Even though McDonalds knew about this situation as they had 700 claims filed on the same issue as Stella Liebeck they did not take any action. On August 18th 1994, jury reached its verdict, by applying the concept of comparative and punitive damages. Ms Liebeck was awarded 160.000$ as compensatory damages which included her medical expense and the loss of salary while she was away from her job, while 480,000$ were awarded as punitive damages by the trial court. McDonalds and Stella Liebeck later settled out of court for a confidential amount less than 600,000$. BUSINESS LAWSUITS McDonald’s is a cooperation that is in business since 1955. It has more than 33,000 restaurants worldwide, 1.7 million employees and is located in 119 countries. It has received several awards over the course of 56 years. Being the leading franchise they hold themselves and conduct of their business to high stan dards of fairness, honesty and integrity. But even though there top priority is customer satisfaction, sometimes unavoidable situations do arise, as happened in Liebeck v McDonald’s. This case is more commonly referred to as â€Å"McDonald’s coffee case†. ... As Stella Liebeck was wearing cotton sweatpants the coffee got absorbed instantly. She remained drenched in the hot coffee for about 90 seconds before she was rushed to the hospital. Ms.Liebecks injuries were grave. She suffered third degree burns which affected her thighs and buttocks she remained hospitalized for eight days, where she underwent dreadful medical procedure to remove dead skin and skin grafting. It took total of two years for Ms Liebeck to recover completely from McDonalds coffee accident. The case was tried in The Second Judicial District Court in Bernalillo County, New Mexico. The presiding Judge was Honorable Roberts Hayes Scott. During the trial it was found out that the coffee served at McDonalds was 180-190 Fahrenheit which was capable of causing third degree burn in just fraction of seconds, Reed Morgan the prosecution lawyer argued before the court that the coffee should be served not hotter than 140 Fahrenheit in order to avoid accidents which is normally the temperature at which coffee is brewed at home. The total amount of Ms Liebeck medical expenses was 10,000$ for which she claimed 20,000$ as compensation. Big business and multinational firms can do many things to avoid unpleasant situations like these from arising. On trial it was found that McDonalds had 700 other claims by people burned by coffee over the past ten years, in which some of the cases were similar to Ms.Liebeck on third degree burn. This shows the company’s attitude towards their business, as they very well knew of the danger and hazard but didn’t bother to protect the customers against that risk. The quality assurance manager admitted that burns would occur, but testified

Penicillins Structure and Function

Penicillins Structure and Function Rachael Sim Hwee Ling A Molecule that Shapes the World – C16H18N2O4S The discovery of penicillin has revolutionized the world of medicine and saved millions of lives. Penicillin is a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi  [1]. Antibiotics are specific substances derived from living organisms that can inhibit the life processes of other organisms  [2]. Penicillin is effective against a range of bacteria such as staphylococciand streptococci and bacteria causing diseases like meningitis and gonorrhea  [3]. Unlike sulfanilamide which is toxic to the kidney, penicillin has no harsh effects. It is non-irritating and can be applied to tissues directly  [4]. During World War II, the administration of penicillin to the wounded soldiers greatly reduced their chanceS of injury infection and raised their survival chances in the interim time between the wounding and surgery (14 hours for the Allied Forces), thus dramatically reducing the need for amputations and the death toll from infected wounds  [5]. Today, penicillin is still commonly used to treat conditions. Penicillin is often prescribed after dental surgery to prevent infections  [6]. The diseases and infections mentioned above are caused by bacteria. Almost all bacteria have cell walls made up of peptidoglycan, a rigid but elastic structure, that protects the underlying protoplast from mechanical damage and prevent it from bursting under osmotic pressure. Peptidoglycan is made up of long polysaccharide chains that are cross-linked via flexible peptide bridges  [7]. The synthesis of bacterial cell wall is catalyzed by the enzyme transpeptidase. Such synthesis is essential to the growth, cellular reproduction and maintaining the structure of bacteria. In 1965, Tipper and Strominger hypothesized that penicillin kills bacteria by blocking the action of the transpeptidase that catalyzes the last step of synthesis which involves the cross-linking of different peptidoglycan chains, thus inhibiting the synthesis of the cell wall  [8]. Water then enters the cell causing it to swell and explode. This essay will discuss how penicillin’s shape, structure, instability enable it to inhibit the action of transpeptidase, examine the science behind penicillin’s reaction, how the structure and size influence its effectiveness and the significance of the lack of symmetry. Penicillin structure consists of a thiazolidine ring fused to a ÃŽ ²-lactum ring to which a variable R group is attached by a peptide bond. (Fig 1) Penicillin G (Fig 2), which has a benzyl side-chain, is often regarded as the prototype of the class as it is one of the first-generation penicillin that can be obtained directly from the fungi. It is the most potent of the class against susceptible gram-positive bacteria and is still widely used.[9] Penicillin G is only effective against gram-positive bacteria in which the transpeptidases are directly accessible. Fig 1: General Penicillin molecule with R side chain, 3 chiral centres (*) and a ÃŽ ²-lactum ring (blue) Fig 2: Natural penicillin-G where R = benzyl group Fig 3: D-Alanyl-D-alanine which closely resembles penicillin (In D-amino acid, with the H atom pointing up and looking down from the H atom and moving anti-CW, the amino acid has the order COOH, R, NH2) One explanation about the mechanism of action of penicillin is that it mimics the shape and structure of the D-alanine-D-alanine termini of bacterial peptidoglycan (the usual substrate) and is thus recognized by transpeptidases  [10]. The transpeptidase enzyme reacts preferentially and binds irreversibly with penicillin. The penicilloyl-enzyme formed is stable and does not react any further  [11]. The free COOH group present mimics that of terminal carboxyl of D-alanine-D-alanine and is needed for penicillin to bind at the active site  [12]. The similarities in their molecular structures can be clearly observed in Fig1 and Fig3. Furthermore, as penicillin lacks symmetry, its mirror images are non-super-imposable. In order for penicillin to be biologically active, the 3 chiral centres in penicillin must be in the configuration in Fig1  [13]. As penicillin’s activity is stereo-dependent, penicillin synthesized must be enantiopure and the arrangement of the groups relativ e to one another should resemble that of D-alanine-D-alanine. This also explains penicillin non-toxicity. D-alanine only occurs in the cell wall of bacteria and all the proteins within our body are built up from L-amino acids. Hence, penicillin kills bacteria but will not adversely affect humans.  [14] Another explanation also relates to the structure of penicillin and the instability of the cyclic amide in ÃŽ ²-lactum ring which is fused to the thiazolidine ring. Research by Strominger has shown that the activity of penicillin is due to the inherent strain of the four-membered ring or to the reduced amide resonance  [15]. In the four-membered ring, the C and N atoms are forced to have a bond angle of approximately 90 ° which is far below the preferred bond angle for singly-bonded sp3 hybridised carbon and nitrogen atoms (109.5 °) and doubly-bonded sp2 hybridised carbon atom (120 °). This put the small ring under great ring strain which is further aggravated by the five-membered thiazolidine ring fused with it. X-ray crystallography has also showed that the two fused rings and the amide bond is non-planar. This leads to a loss of resonance stabilization normally found in these amide bonds  [16]. These make the amide group more reactive. Penicillin acylates the enzyme and form an open chain compound to relieve the strain. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that the –COOH group in penicillin’s structure contributes to penicillin’s widely varying acylating ability and its ability to travel through bodily fluids unaltered and only target transpeptidase in bacteria. Experimental data obtained from inelastic neutrons and quantum chemical theory suggests that the activity of penicillin is pH dependent  [17]. Under physiological conditions (pH = 7.4), penicillin’s -COOH group is deprotonated. As COO and the lone pair of electrons of N are on the same face of the molecule, the COO will repel the lone pair of electrons on the N atom. This shortens the amide bond, increases its strength and decrease the acylating power of the lactam ring  [18]. When near the active site of transpeptidase, COO group is protonated and the ÃŽ ²-lactum amide bond regains its strong acylating power  [19]. The 2 CH3 group is also important for activation as research has found no activity for penicillin analogues with these groups removed.  [20] At the active site, the science of reaction is as follows. The nucleophilic –OH group of the serine residue attacks and opens the ring. A covalent bond is formed between the serine on the enzyme and the penicillin molecule  [21], irreversibly inhibiting the normal function of the enzyme and kills the bacterial cell. The R group in the penicillin structure determines the effectiveness of the penicillin drug. Penicillin-G cannot be consumed orally as gastric acid will catalyze the hydrolysis of the highly unstable ÃŽ ²-lactum ring, destroying its antibiotic properties. The ÃŽ ²-lactum ring is also susceptible to attack by O atom of the neighboring carbonyl group. To prevent this, we can choose an electron withdrawing R group to decrease the nucleophilicity of the carbonyl oxygen on the acyl side chain to reduce the self destructive mechanism[22]. To avoid degradation by penicillinase enzyme, we can choose a bulky R group as a steric shield. The small size of penicillin molecules increases their potency as it enables them to penetrate the entire depth of the cell wall. In conclusion, penicillin-G is a molecule that was cleverly designed molecule by nature. All features in its structure – its bicyclic system, unstable ÃŽ ²-lactum ring, COOH group, stereochemistry and size is essential and influence its effectiveness. They enable penicillin to irreversibly react with transpeptidases, kill harmful bacteria and by doing so, save lives and shape the world. [1] penicillin. (n.d.)The American Heritage ® Medical Dictionary. (2007). Retrieved January 31 2015 fromhttp://medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/penicillin [2] antibiotic. (n.d.)The American Heritage ® Medical Dictionary. (2007). Retrieved January 31 2015 fromhttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/antibiotic [3] penicillin. (n.d.)Dorlands Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. (2007). Retrieved January 31 2015 fromhttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/penicillin [4] Fleming, A. (1929). On the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae.British journal of experimental pathology,10(3), 226. Couteur, P., Burreson, J. (2004). Wonder Drugs. InNapoleons buttons: 17 molecules that changed history. Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin: New York. [5] Medicine and World War Two. (2014, January 1). Retrieved January 31, 2015, from http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medicine_and_world_war_two.htm [6] Ross-Flanigan, Nancy; Uretsky, Samuel. Penicillins.Gale Encyclopedia of Childrens Health: Infancy through Adolescence. 2006. Retrieved January 31, 2015 from Encyclopedia.com:http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3447200431.html [7] Graumann, P. (2007).Bacillus: Cellular and molecular biology(p. 333). Norfolk: Caister Academic Press. [8] Tipper, D., Strominger, J. (1965.). Mechanism Of Action Of Penicillins: A Proposal Based On Their Structural Similarity To Acyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1133-1141 [9] Penicillins. (n.d.). Retrieved January 31, 2015, from http://www.emedexpert.com/compare/penicillins.shtml#4 [10]Tipper, D., Strominger, J. (1965.). Mechanism Of Action Of Penicillins: A Proposal Based On Their Structural Similarity To Acyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1133-1141. [11] Berg, J., Tymoczko, J. (2002). Enzymes: Basic Concepts and Kinetics. InBiochemistry(5th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. [12] Tipper, D., Strominger, J. (1965.). Mechanism Of Action Of Penicillins: A Proposal Based On Their Structural Similarity To Acyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1133-1141. [13] Bentley, R. (2004). The Molecular Structure of Penicillin.Journal of Chemical Education,1462-1462. [14] Otter, C. (2008). Chemical ideas (3ed. ed.). Oxford [u.a.: Heinemann Educational. [15] Strominger, J.L. (1967) . Enzymatic reactions in bacterial cell wall synthesis sensitive to penicillins, cephalosprins and other antibacterial agents. Antibiotics, 705–713 [16] J. C. Sheeman, The enchanted Ring: The Untold Story of Penicillin, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1982 J. R. Johnson, R. B. Woodward and R. Robinson, in The Chemistry of Penicillin, ed. H. T. Clarke, J. R. Johnson and R. Robinson, Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey, 1949, ch. 15, pp. 443–449. [17],18,19 Mucsi, Z.; Chass, G.A.; Abranyi-Balogh, P.; Jozart, B.; Fang, D.-C.; Ramirez-Cuesta, A.J.; Viskolcz, B.; Csizmadia, I.G. Penicillin’s catalytic mechanism revealed by inelastic neutrons and quantum chemical theory. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15, 20447–20455 [18] [19] [20] S. Wolfe, J. C. Godfrey, C. T. Holdrege and Y. G. Perron, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1963, 85, 643 ; S. Wolfe, J. C. Godfrey, C. T. Holdrege and Y. G. Perron, Can. J. Chem., 1968, 46, 2549.; J. Hoogmartens, P. J. Claes and H. Vanderhaeghe, J. Med. Chem., 1974, 17, 389;T. K. Vasudevan and V. S. R. Rao, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 1982, 4, 219. [21] Yocum, R., Strominger, J., Rasmussen, J., Waxman, D. (1979). Mechanism of Penicillin Action: Penicillin and Substrate Bind Covalently to the Same Active Site Serine in Two Bacterial D-alanine Carboxypeptidases.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2730-2734. [22] Proctor, P., Gensmantel, N., Page, M. (1982). The chemical reactivity of penicillins and other ?-lactam antibiotics.Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2,1185-1185.

About Health Care :: essays research papers

ABOUT HEALTH CARE I think there are many causes which have permitted in the last years increase people ´s life expectancy. I consider people are living longer thanks to government policies on public ´s health and due in most part to the great medical and technological advances that have been made in the last decades. Cures and immunizations against many diseases have been found. Research has provided valuable information about the human body and the human mind. Even "miracle" medicines have saved a lot of lives and there are new methods that have been developed to prevent and cure diseases that were unknown and unconceivable some years ago. There are still unanswered questions and unsolved problems, but researchers, doctors, biologists, public health employees and many others are working to answer and solve these questions and problems. No one of us knows how long will it take to find a cure for cancer diseases or a solution to prevent heart diseases, for example; but I think scientists are closer to find a solution. On the other hand, I consider this achievement in people ´s health is partly a result of the activity of many private and public organizations in health all over the world, who have established policies and priorities in order to create personal and environmental health programms, pollution control, policies related to chronic and infectious diseases, a smoke-free society and people ´s education. Finally, I think many important things have been done in medical science which have contributed to people ´s health, so now the live longer than in past times. In many ways, people of all ages and in every race have better health.

amazon com Essay -- essays research papers

Have you ever purchased any product on the Internet, used the Internet to collect information or data, or played computer games on the Internet? You must agree that it is fast, easy, and enjoyable. The Internet has been a part of our daily life for several years now. In addition, in the business world, a new business model, E-business and E-commerce, has appeared for several years. According to Ali, there are two main types of E-commerce: B2B and B2C (2000). One is business to business (B2B). This means that enterprises use the Internet to transact or trade between business operations and their partners. Another is business to consumer (B2C). In other words, enterprises provide products, support good, and services to the customers on the Internet. Amazon.com is a famous Internet retail company in E-commerce. Its business includes B2B and B2C. It opened its business in July 1996. Today, Amazon.com has expanded its business in more than two hundred and twenty countries and this company sells various products like electronics, books, music, DVD, House wares, PCs and cars (Amazon.com Announces 4th Quarter Profit 2002). It is the biggest retail store in E-commerce. Even though Amazon.com owns these accolades, this company is struggling to survive. Amazon.com had a $19 billion market value before its stock prices decreased from $75.25 to $9.25 (German, 2001). The problem is that Amazon still has not made real profits since it opened. How to help Amazon.com keep standing on the stage? If Amazon.com wants to survive in E-business and start making real profits, Amazon.com should merge with other retail companies, operate a new E-business strategy, and rebuild its financial structure. Everyone is wondering when Amazon.com will start making real profits. Last year, their stock price went down from $76 to $14 (Hahn & Celarier, 2001). Moreover, Amazon.com lost almost $150 million last year (Amazon.com announces 4th quarter profit, 2001). How can Amazon.com start making real profits? Hahn & Celarier suggests that Amazon.com should merge with other retail companies such as General Growth Properties, Wal-Mart, and Bertelsmann because the merger will expand their market share, and create a new passageway and increase new customers and products , and recover their cash and Net sales loss (Fitch, 2000). First of all, the merger will help Amazon.com expand the market ... ...ve a good system or body in E-commerce. Since the so-called internet bubble burst in April 2000, hundreds of dotcom companies have closed because of the recession of E-commerce (Misek, 2003). According to Seewald,  ¡Ã‚ §That trend is expected to continue this year as chemical companies continue to cut back on external spending ¡Ã‚ ¨ (2001). E-business seems like a bomb for investors and customers because the speed of collapse is very fast. No one knows which company will disappear in E-business. Even though Amazon.com is an E-commerce Pioneer, and it earned $1.12 billion last quarter, compared with $972 million in the fourth quarter in 2000, and has $19 billion market value (Amazon.com Announces 4th Quarter Profit 2002), it is also struggling to survive in the E-commerce world. Unless Amazon.com merge with other retail companies, practice new E-commerce strategy, and rebuild its financial structure, it will not be eliminated through competition in the E-commerce. Marking profits is the most important for company, espec ially for Amazon.com. If Amazon.com exercises these proposals presented in this paper, it will overcome its challenges and weaknesses, and then start making real profits.

Introduction to Web Hosting Essay

Hosting your web site on your own server is always an option. Here are some problems to consider: Hardware Expenses To run a â€Å"real† web site, you will have to buy some powerful server hardware. Don’t expect that a low cost PC will do the job. You will also need a permanent (24 hours a day ) high speed connection to your office, and such connections are expensive. Software Expenses Don’t forget to count the extra cost for software licenses. Remember that server licenses often are much higher than client licenses. Also note that some server software licenses might have limits on number of concurrent users. Labor Expenses Don’t expect low labor expenses. Remember that you have to install your own hardware and software. You also have to deal with bugs and viruses, and keep your server constantly running in an environment where â€Å"everything could happen†. Using an Internet Service Provider Renting a server from an Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a common option. Here are some advantages: Connection Speed Most providers have very fast connections to the Internet, like full T3 fiber-optic 45Mps connections equivalent to about 2000 traditional (28K) modems or 1000 high speed (56K) modems. Powerful Hardware Service providers often have many powerful web servers that can be shared by several companies. You can also expect them to have an effective load balancing, and necessary backup servers. Security and Stability Internet Service Providers are specialists on web hosting. Expect their servers to have more than 99% up time, the latest software patches, and the best virus protection. Things to Consider 24-hour support Make sure your Internet service provider offers 24-hours support. Don’t put yourself in a situation where you cannot fix critical problems without having to wait until the next working day. Toll-free phone could be vital if you don’t want to pay for long distance calls. Daily Backup Make sure your service provider runs a secure daily backup routine, otherwise you may lose some valuable data. Traffic Volume Study the provider’s traffic volume restrictions. Make sure that you don’t have to pay a fortune for unexpected high traffic if your web site becomes popular. Bandwidth or Content Restrictions Study the provider’s bandwidth and content restrictions. If you plan to publish pictures or broadcast video or sound, make sure that you can. Email Capabilities Make sure your provider fully supports the email capabilities you need. You can read more about email capabilities in a later chapter) Front Page Extensions Make sure your provider fully supports FrontPage server extensions if you plan to use FrontPage to develop your site. Database Access Make sure your provider fully supports the database access you need if you plan to use databases from you r site. (You can read more about database access in a later chapter) Hosting and Domain Names A Domain Name is a unique name for your web site. Choosing a hosting solution should include domain name registration. Your domain name should be easy to remember and easy to type. What is a Domain Name? A domain name is a unique name for a web site, like microsoft. com and w3schools. com. Domain names must be registered. When domain names are registered they are added to a large domain name register, and information about your site – including your internet IP address – is stored on a DNS server. DNS stands for Domain Name System. A DNS server is responsible for informing all other computers on the Internet about your domain name and your site address. Registering a Domain Domains can be registered from domain name registration companies such as http://www. otdnr. com. These companies provide interfaces to search for available domain names and they offer a variety of domain name extensions that can be registered at the same time. Domain Name Registration provides registration services for . com . net . org . biz . info . us . nu . ws . cc and . tv domains. Newer domain extensions such as . biz . info and . us have more choices available as many o f the popular domains have yet to be taken. While . com and . net domains are well established and recognized, most popular domains with these extensions are already registered. Choosing Your Domain Choosing a domain is a major step for any individual or organization. While domains are being registered at a record, new domain extensions and creative thinking still offer thousands of excellent choices. When selecting a name it is important to consider the purpose of a domain name, which is to provide people an easy way to reach your web site. The best domains have the following characteristics: Short – People don’t like to type! The shorter your domain, the easier it is to reach and the less are the chance the user will make a typographical error while typing it. Meaningful – A short domain is nothing without meaning, 34i4nh69. com is only 8 characters long but would not be easy to enter or remember. Select a domain that relates to your site in a way that people will understand. Clear – Clarity is important when selecting a domain name. You should avoid selecting a name that is difficult to spell or pronounce. Also, pay close attention to how your domain sounds and how effectively it can be communicated over the phone. Exposure: Just like premium real-estate on the ground that gets the most exposure, names that are short and easy to remember are an asset. In addition to humans viewing your domain, you should consider search engines. Search engines index your site and rank it for relevance against terms people search for online. In order to maximize your sites exposure, consider including a relevant search term in your domain. Of course, this should only be considered if it still maintains a short, clear and meaningful domain. Sub Domains Most people are unaware but they already use sub domains on a daily basis. The famous â€Å"www† of the World Wide Web is the most common example of a sub domain. Sub domains can be created on a DNS server and they don’t need to be registered with a domain registrar, of course, the original domain would need to be registered before a sub domain could be created. Common examples of sub domains used on the internet are http://store. apple. com and http://support. microsoft. com. Sub domains can be requested from your web hosting provider or created by yourself if you manage your own DNS server. False Domain Names – Directory Listings Some providers will offer you a unique name under their own name like: www. theircompany. com/yourcompany/ This is not a real domain name, it is a directory – and you should try to avoid it. These URLs are not desirable, especially for companies. Try to avoid them if you can afford to register a domain. Typically these are more commonly used for personal sites and free sites provided by your ISP, you may have seen www. theircompany. com/~username as a common address, this is just another way to share a single domain and provide users their own address. Open competition in domain name registration has brought about a dramatic decrease in pricing so domain sharing is far less common since people can register their own domains for only $15 per year. Expired Domains Another source for domain registrations is expired domains. When you register a domain, think of it as a rental, assuming there are no legal or trademark issues with the domain name, you are free to use it as long as you continue to pay the yearly fee (you can now also register in advance as many as 10 years). Some people register domains as speculators, hoping that they can later sell them, while others may have planned to use a domain and never had the time. The result is that domains that were previously registered regularly become available for registration again. You can see, and search through a list of recently expired domains for free at http://www. dotdnr. com. If you wish to register an expired domain you pay the same fee as you would for a new registration. Use Your Domain Name After you have chosen – and registered – your own domain name, make sure you use it on all your web pages and on all your correspondence, like email and traditional mail. It is important to let other people be aware of your name, and to inform your partners and customers about your web site. DotDNR DotDNR offers . com . net . org . ws . cc and . v domains for as little as $15 per year. In addition, you can transfer your domain to DotDNR and add a full year to your existing registration for only $15. Save $20 or more over other major registrars. International domain name registration is also offered. www. dotdnr. com Hosting Capacities Make sure you get the disk space and the traffic volume you need. How Much Disk Space? A small or medium web site wi ll need between 10 and 100MB of disk space. If you look at the size of HTML pages, you will see that the average size is very small. Maybe even smaller than 1KB. But if you look at the size of the images (button, gif, banner, jpg) used inside the pages, you will often find images many times larger than the page itself. Expect each HTML page to take up between 5 and 50KB of disk space on your web server, depending on the use of images or other space consuming elements. If you plan to use lots of images or graphic elements (not to mention sound files or movies), you might be needing much more disk space. Make sure that you know your needs before you start looking for your web host. Monthly Traffic A small or medium web site will consume between 1GB and 5GB of data transfer per month. You can calculate this by multiplying your average page size with the number of expected page views per month. If your average page size is 30KB and you expect 50,000 page views per month, you will need 0. 03MB x 50,000 = 1. 5GB. Larger, commercial sites often consume more than 100GB of monthly traffic. Before you sign a contract with a host provider, make sure to check this: * What are the restrictions on monthly transfer * Will your site be closed if you exceed the volume * Will you be billed a fortune if you exceed the volume * Will my future need be covered * Is upgrading a simple task Connection Speed Visitors to your web site will often connect via a modem, but your host provider should have a much faster connection. In the early days of the Internet a T1 connection was considered a fast connection. Today connection speeds are much faster. 1 byte equals to 8 bits (and that’s the number of bits used to transport one character). Low speed communication modems can transport from about 14 000 to 56 000 bits per second (14 to 56 kilobits per second). That is somewhere between 2000 and 7000 characters per second, or about 1 to 5 pages of written text. One kilobit (Kb) is 1024 bits. One megabit (Mb) is 1024 kilobits. One gigabit (Gb) is 1024 megabits. These are connection speeds used on the Internet today: Name Connection Speed per second Modem Analog 14. 4-56Kb D0 Digital (ISDN) 64Kb T1 Digital 1. 55Mb T3 Digital 43Mb OC-1 Optical Carrier 52Mb OC-2 Optical Carrier 156Mb OC-12 Optical Carrier 622Mb OC-24 Optical Carrier 1. 244Gb OC-48 Optical Carrier 2. 488Gb Before you sign up a contract with any hosting provider, surf some other web sites on their servers, and try to get a good feeling about their network speed. Also compare the other sites against yours, to see if it looks like you have the same needs. Contacting some of the other customers is also a valuable option. Hosting Email Services Hosting services should include proper Email Accounts and Email Services. Email Accounts Hosting solutions should include email accounts for each person in your company. Email addresses should appear like this: peter@mycompany. com paul@mycompany. com mary@mycompany. com Most common is to use first name or first initial and last name. POP Email POP stands for Post Office Protocol. POP is a standard client/server protocol for sending and receiving email. The emails are received and held on your internet server until you pick it up with a client email program, like Outlook, Outlook Express, Netscape Messenger, etc. POP email programs are built into Netscape and Internet Explorer browsers (i. e. Microsoft Outlook Express). IMAP Email IMAP stands for Internet Message Access Protocol. IMAP is another standard protocol for sending and receiving email. The emails are received and held on your internet server until you pick it up with a client email program, like Outlook, Outlook Express, Netscape Messenger, etc. IMAP represents an improvement over POP because email stored on an IMAP server can be manipulated from several computers (a computer at home, a workstation at the office, etc. ) without having to transfer messages back and forth between computers. POP was designed to support email access on a single computer. Web-based Email Web-based email services enable you to access email via a web browser. You log into your email account via the Web to send and retrieve email. Being able to access your email from any browser anywhere in the world is a very attractive option. Examples of web-based email services are Yahoo! Mail and Hotmail. Email Forwarding Email forwarding allows you to have multiple email personalities. With email forwarding, you can setup aliases for other email accounts like postmaster@mycompany. com should be forwarded to peter@mycompany. com sales@mycompany. com should be forwarded to mary@mycompany. com Mailing Lists Some service providers offer mailing list capabilities. This is a valuable plus if you plan sending out email to a large number of users. Hosting Email Services This section describes some of the most common hosting technologies. Windows Hosting Windows hosting means hosting of web services that runs on the Windows operating system. You should choose Windows hosting if you plan to use ASP (Active Server Pages) as server scripting, or if you plan to use a database like Microsoft Access or Microsoft SQL Server. Windows hosting is also the best choice if you plan to develop your web site using Microsoft Front Page. Unix Hosting Unix hosting means hosting of web services that runs on the Unix operating system. Unix was the first (original) web server operating system, and it is known for being reliable and stable. Often less expensive than Windows. Linux Hosting Linux hosting means hosting of web services that runs on the Linux operating system. CGI Web pages can be executed as CGI scripts. CGI scripts are executables that will execute on the server to produce dynamic and interactive web pages. Most Internet service providers will offer some kind of CGI capabilities. And many will offer preinstalled, ready to run, guest-books, page-counters, and chat-forums solutions written in CGI scripts. The use of CGI is most common on Unix or Linux servers. ASP – Active Server Pages Active Server Pages is a server-side scripting technology developed by Microsoft. With ASP you can create dynamic web pages by putting script code inside your HTML pages. The code is executed by the web server before the page is returned to the browser. Both Visual Basic and JavaScript can be used. ASP is a standard component in Windows 95,98, 2000, and XP. It can be activated on all computers running Windows. Many web hosting providers are offering ASP, as it is becoming a more and more popular technology. If you want to learn more about ASP, please visit our ASP tutorial. Chili! Soft ASP Microsoft’s ASP technology runs only on Windows platforms. However, Chili! Soft ASP is a software product that allows ASP to run on UNIX and some other platforms. JSP JSP is a server-side technology much like ASP developed by Sun. With JSP you can create dynamic web pages by putting Java code inside your HTML pages. The code is executed by the web server before the page is returned to the browser. Since JSP uses Java, the technology is not restricted to any server-specific platform. FrontPage FrontPage is a very common web site design tool developed by Microsoft. FrontPage allows users to develop a web site without any deep knowledge of web development. Most Windows hosting solutions support FrontPage server extensions for users that use FrontPage to develop their web site. If you plan to use FrontPage, you should look for a Windows hosting solution (meaning not Unix / Linux). PHP Just like ASP, PHP is a server-side scripting language which allows you to create dynamic web pages by putting script code inside your HTML pages. The code is executed by the web server before the page is returned to the browser. Cold Fusion Web Hosting Database Technologies SQL Server or Oracle for high traffic database-driven web sites. Access or MySQL for low traffics database-access. Web Databases If your web site needs to update large quantities of information via the web, you will need a database to store your information. There are many different database systems available for web hosting. The most common are MS Access, MySQL, SQL Server, and Oracle. Using the SQL Language SQL is the language for accessing databases. If you want your web site to be able to store and retrieve data from a database, your web server should have access to a database-system that uses the SQL language. If you want to learn more about SQL, please visit our SQL tutorial. SQL Server Microsoft’s SQL Server is one of the most popular database software for database-driven web sites with high traffic. SQL Server is a very powerful, robust and full featured SQL database system. Oracle Oracle is also a very popular database software for database-driven web sites with high traffic. Oracle is a very powerful, robust and full featured SQL database system. Access When a web site requires a simple database solution, Microsoft Access is a very popular option. Access is not well suited for very high-traffic, and not as powerful as Oracle or SQL Server. MySQL MySQL is also a popular database software for web sites. MySQL is an inexpensive alternative to the expensive Microsoft and Oracle solutions. Web Hosting Types Hosting can be FREE, SHARED or DEDICATED. Free Hosting Some service providers offer free web hosting. Free web hosting is best suited for small sites with low traffic, like family sites or sites about hobbies. It is not recommended for high traffic or for real business. Technical support is often limited, and technical options are few. Very often you cannot use your own domain name at a free site. You have to use a name provided by your host like http://www. reesite/users/~yoursite. htm. This is hard to type, hard to remember, and not very professional. Good: Bad: Low cost. It’s free. No domain names. Good for family, hobby or personal sites. Few, limited, or no software options. Free email is often an option. Limited security options. Limited or no database support. Limited technical support. Shared (Virtual) Hosting S hared hosting is very common, and very cost effective. With shared hosting, your web site is hosted on a powerful server along with maybe 100 other web sites. On a shared host it is common that each web site have their own domain name. Shared solutions often offer multiple software solutions like email, database, and many different editing options. Technical support tends to be good. Good: Bad: Low cost. Cost is shared with others. Reduced security due to many sites on one server. Good for small business and average traffic. Restrictions on traffic volume. Multiple software options. Restricted database support. Own domain name. Restricted software support. Good support Dedicated Hosting With dedicated hosting your web site is hosted on a dedicated server. Dedicated hosting is the most expensive form of hosting. The solution is best suited for large web sites with high traffic, and web sites that use special software. You should expect dedicated hosting to be very powerful and secure, with almost unlimited software solutions. Good: Bad: Good for large business. Expensive. Good for high traffic. Requires higher skills. Multiple domain names. Powerful email solutions. Powerful database support. Strong (unlimited) software support. Collocated Hosting Collocation means â€Å"co-location†. It is a solution that lets you place (locate) your own web server on the premises (locations) of a service provider. This is pretty much the same as running your own server in your own office, only that it is located at a place better designed for it. Most likely a provider will have dedicated resources like high-security against fire and vandalism, regulated backup power, dedicated Internet connections and more. Good: Bad: High bandwidth. Expensive. High up-time. Requires higher skills. High security. Harder to configure and debug. Unlimited software options. Your Checklist Before you choose your web host, make sure that: * The hosting type suits your current needs * The hosting type is cost effective Upgrading to a better server is a possible solution * If needed, upgrading to a dedicated server is possible Before you sign up a contract with any hosting provider, surf some other web sites on their servers, and try to get a good feeling about their network speed. Also compare the other sites against yours, to see if it looks like you have the same needs. Contacting some of the other customers is a lso a valuable option. Web Hosting E-Commerce If you are selling a product or a service, e-commerce might be a smart way to do business. Internet Commerce E-Commerce is about selling products or services over the Internet. If you are selling a product or a service, e-commerce might be a smart way to do business. Over the Internet you can reach a large number of customers. E-Commerce Systems It is not a very good idea to build your own e-commerce system. Some (larger) companies might do it, but we will not recommend it if you run a smaller business. Building an e-commerce system is a complicated process, with the potential for a lot of errors. You might buy a ready-to-use system and run it on your own server. Many systems are available on the market today, and most of them will cover your basic needs for order management and processing. But again, if you are not familiar with hosting your own web site, starting with an e-commerce site is not the right thing. The best solution, in our opinion, is to find a hosting provider that offers an e-commerce solution. Hosting Providers E-commerce covers a very huge range of products. With different hosting providers you will find anything from very simple to very complex solutions. Most providers will offer a simple and inexpensive solution that allow you to run your own â€Å"virtual store†. Your Checklist * How does it handle customers? * How does it handle product catalogs? * How does it handle orders? How does it handle inventory? * How does it handle back orders? * How does it handle shipment? * How does it handle accounts? * How does it handle billing? * How does it handle payment? * How does it handle foreign currency? * How does it handle credit cards? * How does it handle taxes? * How does it handle security? * How does it handle integrity (encryption)? Also ch eck if the most time-consuming tasks are automated. Look for automated billing, invoice handling, accounting, and report generation. Before you sign up a contract with any hosting provider, surf some other e-commerce sites on their servers. Find out how it works. Actually try some shopping and see if you get a good feeling. Also compare the other sites against yours, to see if it looks like you have the same needs. Contacting some of the other customers is also a valuable option. Tax Issues Taxes is a complex issue for most on-line stores. Especially VAT (Value Added Tax). If you are selling on-line, you will most likely be in the export business. Trading with different countries is easy, but tax issues might be tricky. Exporting goods may not be the subject of VAT in your country, but often your customers will have to pay their local VAT when they pick up the goods. In addition, there will be the issue of income tax for your shop, depending on how you report your income from sales. Before starting an on-line store, be sure to consult your tax adviser. Cold Fusion is another server-side scripting language used to develop dynamic web pages. Cold Fusion is developed by Macromedia. Secure Server A secure server can transmit data encrypted. If you plan to do online credit card transactions, or other types of web communication that needs to be protected against unauthorized access, your web host must provide a secure server. Previous